How does chronic stress affect the body Free Essays

string(89) " are used to combat the feelings and emotions an individual feels when put under stress\." Description of problem Stress happens when an â€Å"environmental, social, behavioural factor or combination of factors capable of inducing responses that†¦ may be harmful to physical, mental, and/or emotional health by destabilising the neural, psychological, and/or endocrine equilibrium of the body. When the human body is exposed to stress, psychological, neurological, metabolic, and hormonal reactions are induced.† [Oxford University Press A Dictionary of Public Health, Ed. We will write a custom essay sample on How does chronic stress affect the body? or any similar topic only for you Order Now John M. Last  © 2007]. It is when an individual’s needs surpass their coping ability. This gets worse when something poses as a danger. In evolutionary terms, the stress response is essential for fight or flight. This is when unnecessary bodily systems shut down in order to provide the most energy to the places that are needed to fight to run away such as the muscles. The stress response involves acute stress (triggered by sudden stressors) and chronic stress (an accumulation of stressors). Stress is a physiological response to what is known as a stressor (a stimulus. Stress can be explained by the transactional model of stress. This model that stress only depends on the individual’s perception of demands from themselves and their environment. Primary and secondary appraisal is used to describe this. There are two different types of personalities that affect this appraisal: Type A and Type B. [Nelson Thomas AQA Psychology A, James Bailey, Rosie McGinley, Julia Willerton and Jane Willson  © 2008] A type A personality is someone who is very impatient, competitive and ambitious. These tend to have negative views on life and always think they can do better in their achievements. On the other hand, Type B personalities are very laidback, easy going and relaxed in stressful situations. They usually have positive views on life and try to enjoy life to the full. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theory#Ty pe_A] Primary appraisal is when the person looks at the situation and decides whether it is a threat or not. (Type A personalities would most likely see it as a threat whereas Typ e B would see it as a small hurdle) The secondary appraisal is when the person decides whether they are able to cope with the stressor or not. (Type A personalities would most likely say they are not able to cope, whereas Type B personalities would) If the primary appraisal outweighs the secondary appraisal, a state of stress will occur. This is an appropriate method as thoughts and feelings of an individual directly decide what effect happens on the body. The body’s response to stress happens in the nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system. It is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis is the nerve impulses transmitted by neurons. There are two separate divisions of the ANS: Sympathetic branch = this controls the arousal determined by stress. It can lead to a faster heart rate and an increase in the individual’s blood pressure. Parasympathetic branch = this carries out the opposite task to the sympathetic branch. It creates a state of physiological calm in the body. http://www.genericlook.com/anatomy/Autonomic-Nervous-System/ These two work together to create a state of homeostasis. This is appropriate as there are two different systems for opposite responses so that they can be activated when needed and deactivated when not needed. In stress, the hypothalamus (part of the diencephalon in the forebrain which controls processes such as the HPA and SAM) will trigger the sympathetic branch. SAM stands for the Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary pathway. When the sympathetic branch is activated by the hypothalamus neurons, it causes the adrenal medulla to release hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline into the body’s bloodstream. This affects the cardiac muscle. It constricts the blood vessels which in turn raises the blood pressure. This means that a higher concentration of oxygen is pumped around the body in order to prepare for extreme physical activity. This can be known as fight or flight; an evolutionary response that helps an individuals bodily system either have more strength to prepare fro impact on whatever attacks them or to have the energy to run away from the predator. This process is used in short term stress. This is appropriate for short term stress as the SAM can easily be deactivated and the concentration of these hormones can be decreased rapidly. It does not cause harm to the body which is what should happen if something is short term. HPA stands for Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenocortical axis. The pituitary gland once activated by the hypothalamus, will release a hormone known as ACTH. This travels to the adrenal cortex and causes it to release a corticosteroid e.g. cortisol. This can have an impact on the immune system. This process is used in long term stress. It is the HPA that is most harmful to the body. Long periods of this stress or chronic stress, can wear out the individuals defence mechanism and hinder its ability to keep circulating the necessary hormones around the body in the bloodstream. http://www.montana.edu/wwwai/imsd/alcohol/Vanessa/vwhpa.htm Increased cardiac activity such as heart rate and blood pressure can cause damage to the endothelial layer of the blood vessels. Blood levels of glucose and free fatty acids stay high and can lead to atherosclerosis. This is when a cholesterol plaque begins to form on the inner lining of the vessels. The white blood cells and platelets that attempt to heal the damage actually end up forming an atheroma. If this completely blocks an artery it can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack). It has been proven that stress affects the immune system. It causes a deficiency in its effectiveness and so the individual may be more prone to illness and disease. Stress is a biological problem because it is having an enormous effect on people in every day life. The body is not evolved for such long periods of stress and therefore biologists need to find a solution for it as soon as possible. Main solution The main solution to this problem is the use of drugs. These are used to combat the feelings and emotions an individual feels when put under stress. You read "How does chronic stress affect the body?" in category "Essay examples" An example is Benzodiazepines. Some of these are anti-anxiety pills and others are sleeping pills. They act in the brain to slow down the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). These drugs enhance the activity of the bodies own anxiety releasing drug GABA (a natural anxiety reducing drug) causing relaxation and reducing serotonin activity (serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has an arousing effect) and thus reducing anxiety. This inhibits the release of noradrenaline. [Lippincott Williams Wilkins Drug Therapy in Nursing, Diane S. Aschenbrenner, Samantha J. Venable  © 2008] The above table shows the chemicals and their necessary concentrations that combat the effects of chronic stress. http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221anxiety/psy221anxiety.htm This diagram shows the effectiveness of benzodiazepines. As you can see, within the first four weeks it instantly gives a reduction in the feeling of stress compared with another drug busipirone. The drawback is shown at the right hand side of the diagram: The withdrawal period increases stress for a short period of time before finally reaching the end of its cycle with a decrease in the feeling of anxiety. http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221anxiety/psy221anxiety.htm#BDP_GABA_modulin This is appropriate for almost anyone as they are very effective in combating the effects of chronic stress (as shown in the diagram â€Å"Effect of clorazepate (a benzodiazepine) buspirone on anxiety during treatment and withdrawal†). They are also easy to use and easy to access from a GP. However, they are only appropriate for times when the stressor is not consistent. For example, if the stressor (like exams) were only there for a certain amount of time, a patient could take the drugs and when the exams were over, they could stop taking the drugs and not resort back to being stressed. If it was cause by stress of a new promotion at work, the patient could not take the drugs for an unlimited time as the stressor would not go away and therefore the patient might start to depend on them. Implications of main solution Economic = Drugs to combat the effects of stress and anxiety can be very expensive. Prolonged use of drugs such as benzodiazepines and beta blockers make the expense rapidly add up. Extensive use may set you back a large amount of your income. Because of this, it may be a good idea to try another form of combating stress prior to resorting to drugs. If accessed free from the NHS, this uses their money which is not good for society as a whole as it uses the government’s money and may be at the expense of quality NHS services for others. There is an advantage of this implication as the money is being spent for a good use that will help change someone’s stress level, but GP’s will have to be careful that they prescribe the drugs for the right patients and not unnecessarily prescribe it as this is a waste of money. Social = It is very easy to get addicted to the anti-anxiety drugs. They are not seen as being in the same category as street drugs such as heroin and cocaine, and therefore the individual may fail to see the drug as a possible threat for addiction. This may mean that if the individual views taking the drugs as necessary, they fail to control their use. They could rely heavily on them and not be able to stop taking them when the stress effects disappear. They tend to have a tranquilising effect and this state encourages individuals to realise that they cannot be sentenced to stress after taking the drugs. It is very hard, once addicted, to wean yourself off them. Withdrawal symptoms are likely to be present. Even low-dose benzodiazepines (which are relatively safe in comparison with other anti-anxiety drugs such as beta-blockers) can lead to withdrawal symptoms, known as benzodiazepines withdrawal syndrome. This includes insomnia, muscle spasms, blurred vision, chest pain, fatigue, p aranoia, nausea and OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder). This is why those who prescribe them limit their use to just two weeks as they do not want to patient to reach this level. Benefits and risks to humans The drugs act extremely quickly and can save lives in extreme cases of hypertension caused by stress. They are very effective and tests have proven that the drugs work. Outcomes are used as proof for this. They are very easy to use and do not take much effort from the user. It doesn’t take any time, whereas professional help may take months or even years. The user does not need to motivate them to change their perception. They can still think the way they choose to but will be relieved from the effects of stress. Other solutions may require the individual to work hard at changing their life. However, the drugs may cause paradoxical symptoms [Folens The Complete Companion: Psychology AS, Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan  © 2008] like an increase in mood swings such as aggressiveness or cognitive side effects such as long term memory impairment. There can also be fatigue and a feeling of sedation from the tranquiliser effect. The drugs can lead to a state of physiological dependence or addiction. This presents withdrawal symptoms on the individual and the feeling that they cannot stop their usage. This can be extremely dangerous if ignored. http://prescriptionworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/1290556839-66.gif The diagram above shows the comparison of harm gained from taking benzodiazepines in comparison with other drugs such as heroin and solvents. It is a class C drug with is harmful but not life threatening. However, benzodiazepines are positioned 1.7 out of 3 on the mean harm rating scale. This compared with 1.1 of ecstasy (a class A drug) just shows us how harmful they can be to health. Drugs will only treat the symptoms of stress and anxiety rather than the actual causes. This could mean that as soon as the course of drugs is finished, the stress could reappear just as bad as it was previously. This means it is only a temporary solution because as soon as the treatment is over the effectiveness stops. Psychological help combined with the drugs may be the best option as the drugs give instant help and the psychological methods may aid in long term recovery. Alternative solution 1 Another way to combat stress could be with help from a psychologist to alter your personality to more of a Type B. This, in turn, aids perception of being able to cope with the stress. MethodDescription Active copingTaking direct action to deal with a problem Seeking instrumental supportTalking to others about the problem, looking for practical advice and support Seeking emotional supportDiscussing feelings about a problem with friends and family Focus on and venting of emotionsBecoming upset and expressing feelings when distressed HumourLaughing and making fun of the situation. [Nelson Thomas AQA Psychology A, James Bailey, Rosie McGinley, Julia Willerton and Jane Willson  © 2008] The table above shows a series of methods introduced by a psychologist to reduce the effects of stress. A psychologist may highlight the difference between personality types. Type A personalities will use avoidant coping (cope with the stress by ignoring it and hoping it will go away and are in denial of it as a problem and therefore use no methods to deal with it) and emotion focused coping (cope with the stress by trying to get rid of the emotions), whereas Type B personalities will use approach coping (cope wit stress by tackling it head on to reduce it more it develops into a worse problem) and problem focused coping (cope with stress by trying to reduce the problem in their lives that is causing the stress to prevent any stress appearing from it). Another method that is used is stress inoculation training. It alters our image of the things that cause us stress. It involves three stages: Conceptualisation phase: the individual is educated from a psychologist to view stressors as not a threat, but rather a challenge that can easily be overcome. This changes the person’s concept of stress. Skills acquisition phase: specialist skills are taught and adapted to each client’s individual situation. For example, a businessman who is struggling to meet deadlines may be taught time management skills, whereas a new mother who is struggling with knowing how to manage a newborn child may receive advice on social support systems. Application phase: The individuals are given opportunities to be in real-life situations and apply their newfound knowledge. They psychologist will place the client in increasingly stressful situations until they feel they can apply their skills to anything. [Folens The Complete Companion: Psychology AS, Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan  © 2008] This method is appropriate for individuals who have long-term stressors and need to learn to perceive those stressors in certain ways and they will never go away. It is unsuitable, however, if the individual is not motivated as it requires a lot of determination for the procedure to work. Alternative solution 2 This is relieving stress by physical activity. Chronic stress may cause an increased level of glucose and a higher concentration of free fatty acids in the bloodstream. This can cause atherosclerosis. Regular cardiovascular exercise will decrease heart rate and also blood pressure. This prevents any chance of an atheroma being formed. Even though the stress will still occur, the lower cardiac rates mean that the impact of stress will not be as harmful as it will already be lower than it should be before it affects the body. Exercise has mental and psychological effects such as boosted self esteem and happiness. Therefore, it will reduce the chances of clinical states such as depression happening. The positive moods that take place indirectly from exercising will help in coping with stress. This may be more appropriate for individuals under stress as it is self inflicted and doesn’t cost anything. This means it has no economical implications. It may also have positive social implications as exercise is sociable, which could in turn reduce stress effects. Bibliography Folens The Complete Companion: Psychology AS, Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan  © 2008 Nelson Thomas AQA Psychology A, James Bailey, Rosie McGinley, Julia Willerton and Jane Willson  © 2008 Oxford University Press A Dictionary of Public Health, Ed. John M. Last  © 2007 Bias = the author is a Professor of Epidemiology and Community Medicine from the University of Ottawa. As he is a professor at a top university in America, he is likely to know the true facts about matters relating to health. He should not be biased. Reliability = the same information is found when I cross-referenced with a stress website [http://stress.about.com/od/understandingstress/u/effects_of _stress.htm] because I found similar information in another source, I can state that the information from this dictionary is consistent and therefore reliable. Accuracy/Validity = It has been peer reviewed by Dowdy’s: â€Å"This book covers a unique balance of the most significant terms and phrases as well as specialized vocabulary related to the issues and trends in the multidisciplinary nature of public health. Recommended†¦for large academic libraries.† The fact that it is recommended for public use implies that it is a very accurate source with little error. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_A_and_Type_B_personality_theory#Ty pe_A Accessed 24th February 2011 Bias = It is unknown who the author of this text is as it can be edited by anyone who wants to make a change to the webpage. They may not have any link with the subject matter in hand. As the webpage I talking about personality types, it may be biased if the writer wants to try and fit themselves in one of the categories as they are writing. Reliability = Similar information was found when I cross referenced from an article in the Guardian [Sarah Wilson Type A and B Personalities 7th March 2009], however, a newspaper article may not be fully correct either which tells me that although the ideas are consistent in both texts, they may not be 100% reliable. Accuracy/Validity = as anyone can change the information written, it is likely that the information is valid. If someone spots a mistake they are likely to change this. However, it can be interpreted as if anyone can produce this information, there is no way of knowing whether it is correct or not. http://www.genericlook.com/anatomy/Autonomic-Nervous-System/ http://www.montana.edu/wwwai/imsd/alcohol/Vanessa/vwhpa.htm Lippincott Williams Wilkins Drug Therapy in Nursing, Diane S. Aschenbrenner, Samantha J. Venable  © 2008 http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221anxiety/psy221anxiety.htm http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year2/psy221anxiety/psy221anxiety.htm#BDP_GABA_modulin http://prescriptionworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/1290556839-66.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome#Signs_and_symptoms How to cite How does chronic stress affect the body?, Essay examples

Bringing Online Shopping Experience Offline -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Bringing Online Shopping Experience Offline? Answer: Introduction: The way in which the retail business conduct their process of business has been greatly affected by the growing use of the internet. IoT or Internet of Things is considered to be the enabling factor that lies behind the digital future. IoT is the collective network of physical devices, vehicles, and other electronic appliances embedded with various software sensors and many more for the purpose of enabling this objects to connect and exchange the data (Dlamini and Johnston 2016). Internet of Things or IoT allows various objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across the network infrastructure that is existing at the present state. This will be creating new opportunities for direct integration of the real world with the systems that are computer based (Weber 2015). The term Things in IoT mainly refers to the devices that are connected to the internet and this mainly involves devices like the bio-transponders present at animals in a farm or jungle, heat monitoring devices and many more. What these devices do is they generally collect the useful data by making use of the different existing technologies. Initially this collection of data is followed by autonomous flow of data to the other devices (Kahlert 2016). The report also analyses the various uses of IoT in the retail business along with the technologies that are used and how the business processes are enabled in the Retail sector by the use of IoT. Later part of the report discusses about the benefits of using the IoT in retail business and the challenges that are faced during the implementation of IoT in retail. Lastly the report discusses about how the challenges in the retail business can be overcomed. Literature review: The main purpose of this literature review is to identify the various benefits of IoT in the retail business along with the various challenges associated with this use. This literature review will help in understanding the key terms, definition and the terminology which is associated with the use, benefits and challenges of the IoT devices. It can be stated that IoT is an internet based global information technology that is mainly associated with the facilitation of good and service exchange (Porkodi and Bhuvaneswari 2014). This technology is gradually gaining a lot of importance in the whole world. There are various benefits associated with the implementation of IoT in the retail sector. Along with this IoT implementation also provides various new ways of interacting with the customers. An environment is encompassed by IoT which is generally made up of thing, communication, applications and analysis of data. For various reason the IoT has been perceived as a disruptive technology in the retail sector (Perera et al. 2014). IoT is generally used by the retailers for the purpose of leveraging the opportunities like the connection of devices for the purpose of creating a new service which will be helping in the improvement of customer experiences, optimisation of the supply chain operations long with creation of new opportunities which would be helping in the generation of new revenues. Analysis of the retail sector using IoT: The main reason that lies behind the use of IoT in the retail sector is due to the presence of a unique feature of identifying the products along with an ease of communication and providing of real time information (Guo et al. 2013). As the competition is increasing the retail market day by day so the use of IoT is growing more and more by the retailers for the purpose of gaining a huge amount of market share. IoT has made it very much easy for the retailers to gather the information of the customers along with easy access to data and availability of huge amount of data. IoT also helps the retailers in optimising their store layout by the process of installing the sensors which would be helping in the tracking of the movements of the customers so as to identify the aisles which are having the highest traffic which in turn would be helping in the placing of goods on the aisles which will increase the rate of purchase. This can be better understood by the use of example like Hugo Boss made use of the heat sensors in his cloth store so as to track the movement of the customers which would be initially followed by the usage of this data to identify the aisles which is having the highest traffic (Dlamini and Johnston 2016). This was followed by the placing of the premium products in those aisles having the high traffic so as to increase the sales. The retail business makes use of the data that is received from the IoT device so as to gather various information about the customers behaviour along with using them so as to understand the informations and recommend the products which are more likely to be brought by the customers which would he helping in earing profits (Gregory 2015). For example, Dohle a German grocery retailer makes use of the smart shopping cart that helps in providing information related to the products in the store. This carts were also able to retrieve and store the information in real time along with answering of the queries and enabling the process of checking out without waiting in the lines. IoT also helps the customers as well. IoT helps the customers in finding products that helps in finding the products that they are looking for in the stores. The IoT devices helps in enabling this process by tracking and locating the products which the customers are looking for (Longo et al. 2013). The IoT devices are installed by the retailers on the shelves so as to notify the retailers when the products are running out. It has been estimated that around 3.9% retailers suffers due to running out of the stocks and by use of IoT in the shelves this loss can be eliminated very much easily. In an alternative way this IoT can help the retailers in accessing the quality of the products which is very much popular in the supermarkets as they keep the fresh products (Parry et al. 2016). Example of such use is the use of IoT device by the Panasonic in their selves who uses this technology so as to monitor their shelves. Analysis of the Security and the Privacy Challenges: Retail business can fully gain the benefits of IoT only by overcoming the challenges that that rises due to the use of such devices. The most important issues of IoT are this security and the privacy challenges which can also be considered as the centre of trust, relationship building and exchange. Security challenges: One of the greatest challenge faced by the retail sectors is the various type of security issues. The use of new IoT devices are increasing day by day which is initially leading to the increase of data attacks on the new devices (Kim Park and Shin 2014). Many businesses had faced the security challenges and have compromised their security and customer information and this includes many renowned companies like Apple, Home Depot, JP Morgan, Anthem, Sony and many more. This is main reason due to which security can be considered to be a major challenge and the business needs to overcome this challenges. This can be done by effective use of IoT technology (Nowodzinski ?ukasik and Puto 2016). The security of the IoT devices are very much complex due to the fact that there exists a connection of billions of devices. Along with this more devices are getting connected due to this reason the risk of potential attacks also increases to the IoT technology. These type of attacks can also effect the communication channels by means of physical threats. Privacy challenges: Privacy can be defined as the process of preserving the anonymity which means that it is the process which is strongly connected with the controlling of the information about themselves. Large amount of data transfer takes place between the IoT devices which initially makes this prone to high amount of risk when the privacy of the data is considered (Rashid Peig and Pous 2015). So it can be stated that along with the security challenges the privacy of data is also one of the major challenge in the IoT technology. The connection of devices by making use of the data creates a huge amount of privacy as well as trust issues. It must be ensured by the retail business that they are capable of keeping the data of the customers in an ethical way along with which it should also be seen that they are no forcing their customers to reveal their information about themselves to anyone else by making use of the IoT technology (Vermesan and Friess 2014). Network Challenges: The use of IoT devices are increasing day by day which is initially leading the business to take care of the network elements. This is done so as to ensure that efficient transmission of data takes place between the wired as well as wireless technologies. With increase in the IoT devices a huge amount of load is imposed upon the network bandwidth which initially leads to challenges related to capacity and the bandwidth which causes failures in the network (Fantana et al. 2013). The traditional form of network that is being used right now does not provide any type of technical feature along with the operational cost which requires a coverage of wide range and bandwidth, good lifespan of battery, less hardware and low operating cost along with a connection density which is relatively high. Suggested methods for the purpose of solving the problem: There are several ways in which the challenges faced by IoT can be overcome some of them are listed below: The security challenges can be eliminated by building of security into the device at the outset rather than as an afterthought during the process of designing. The employees should be trained about the importance of the security and should be ensured that the management of security is done at an appropriate level in the retail business. The retail business must ensure that they are hiring an outside service provider so as to make sure that the providers are capable of maintaining a reasonable security along with providing a reasonable oversight of the providers (Shankara et al. 2015). The time when the security risk is identified then there is a need of considering an defence in depth strategy whereby multiple layer of security maybe used for the purpose of defending against a particular risk. Measures need to be considered so as to keep away the unauthorised users from accessing the device, data or personal information of the consumer which is stored on the networks. Monitoring of the connected devices needs to be done throughout the entire life cycle along with situations where it is feasible along with the providing of security patches so as to cover the risks (Gumzej 2012). The challenges regarding the privacy can be overcome by making use of service agreements between the business and customer along with the technological advancement that is fixing of the bugs. Another way is the encryption of the data so as to protect the data which is produced by the IoT technologies at the application level. This would be helping in the protection of sensitive data along with limiting the access to the data while using mandates which might include things like Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard which is ideal for the retail business (Chaudhuri 2016). There is and need of selection of IoT technologies which could efficiently and effectively communicate with the wired, wireless and mobile networks for the purpose of eliminating the risks related to network challenges. Evaluation of the solution: The new solutions will greatly help the retail business and this includes the maintenance of the inventory accurately, prediction regarding the maintenance of the store facilities, use of the RFID for the item level inventory, tracking of the supply chain inventory, proximity marketing and security based upon the sensors. The new systems will greatly help in cutting down the risk of employee threat and shoplifting. This will be done by providing the retail stores with an extra power of accountability at every level of operation. Along with this by application of smart shelves, source tagging SKUs, video surveillance and many more the keeping of an accurate count of everything would become very much easy. IoT technologies would also help in constant monitoring of temperature, humidity, and other environmental variables in retail sectors associated with food and pharmaceuticals. Analysis of the Technologies Used for IoT: RFID systems are the key components of the IoT technology. The RFID system is mainly made up of readers, which are associated with the triggering of the transmission of the signals and tags. A unique identifier is attached to every tag, object, sensors and actuators (Zancul et al. 2016). It can be stated that RFID is mainly used the retail business for the purpose of improving the traceability and visibility of the products which would be initially leading to the increase in accuracy, efficiency and speed of various processes in the retail business. the use of RFID also helps in reducing the storage, handle and distribute the costs, along with the improvement in sales by decreasing the rate of running out of stock. Various type of benefits is offered by the IoT and this mainly includes the reduction in cost, increase in the revenue, improvement of processes and many more (Balaji and Roy 2017). There are also other technologies which help the IoT in gaining its capability by working together. These other technologies mainly include the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), cloud computing, ubiquitous communication, Near field communication, smartphones, and many more. So it becomes importantly important for the retail business to know which combination of technology is the best for the purpose of improvement (Novotny Dvid and Csfor 2015). But despite all this most of the IoT technologies are not a complete set which is needed for the purpose of building an IoT business solution. This leads to the need of configuring, modifying and integrating with the several back end systems associated with the building up of IoT solution by use of the data which is best suited for the business. Analysis of The Future of Retail Business by Making Use of IoT Technology: The IoT device would be changing the structure of business by the end of 2020 and over 20 billion different type of things will be connected. This would be helping the technologies that are currently consumer centric and would be used by the business and vice versa (Singh and Singh 2015). The business that are currently using the IoT have an aim of reducing the cost along with improving the efficiency and creation of new models for business by means of physical products, services and data analysis. But the impact of this usage differs among various businesses. The impact of IoT will be noticeable on industries like the retail, utilities and manufacturing as compared to the impacts on other industries like the government, education, insurance and banking. So with increase in the use of IoT there is an essential need for the business to acquire new data centres which would be much more flexible as well as scalable for the purpose of supporting the received escalations (Logvinov et al. 2016). So it can be stated that a stand-alone IoT strategy might add value but there the value can be realised at a greater rate when there is an incorporation of IoT strategy within a business wide digital strategy. IoT would be acting as cornerstone in the digital business strategies of the several organisations along with which it would also be disruptive, and would be requiring the mastering of new technologies and capabilities. Analysis of the Business Processes that will be Enabled by the use of IoT: The impact of IoT on the everyday processes and behaviours of the retail business is inevitable. This turns to be the main strength for the business associated with this is the processes which are new for the business. The different processes in the retail business have undergone several changes with years passing by (Lee and Lee 2015). For example, with the use of IoT it is possible to guide the customers directly to items which they want to purchase when the customer enters the store. This is done by usage of a connection enabled by the IoT devices and the cell phone of the customer. By adaptation of new process like automatic checkouts the retail business would be able to create new business models, improve the productivity, reduce the costs and increase the sales as well. Checkouts is one of the biggest process used by the retail business which is very much time consuming along with being costly. So IoT can be used by the retail business for the purpose of optimising the processe s (Li et al. 2012). This would be initially leading to the automated checkouts which would provide various benefits like the decrease in time required by the customers during standing in long ques. The automated checkouts would also help in lowering the cost required for the labours along with the cutting of time which is spend by the customers in the stores. Apple Pay is one example of automated checkout system. Conclusion: The report helps in concluding to the fact the use of IoT technology is increasing in the retail sector. The retail industry is looking forward for new disruptive technologies that would greatly help them in increase their efficiency. Ultimately it can be stated that the retailers who are embracing this IoT technology are capable of knowing about all the aspects of their business besides knowing about their customers and business along with the supply chain. Everything involved in IoT can be identified uniquely by making use of its embedded computing system. It is possible to operate this inter connected devices if they are within the existing Internet Infrastructure. There are various challenges associated with the use of IoT in the retail sector but this challenges can be easily overcome by making use of certain methods. The use of IoT greatly helps the retailers in various ways and this includes reduction of cost for the labors, managing of stock and many more. Retailers have been working with the RFID for a longer time now they are thinking of moving into the use of different type of IoT devices. This would be initially leading to the improvement of efficiency, accuracy, along with the economic benefits and reduction in the human interventions. References: Balaji, M.S. and Roy, S.K., 2017. Value co-creation with Internet of things technology in the retail industry.Journal of Marketing Management,33(1-2), pp.7-31. Chaudhuri, A., 2016. Internet of things data protection and privacy in the era of the General Data Protection Regulation.Journal of Data Protection Privacy,1(1), pp.64-75. Dlamini, N.N. and Johnston, K., 2016, November. The use, benefits and challenges of using the Internet of Things (IoT) in retail businesses: A literature review. InAdvances in Computing and Communication Engineering (ICACCE), 2016 International Conference on(pp. 430-436). IEEE. Fantana, N.K., Riedel, T., Schlick, J., Ferber, S., Hupp, J., Miles, S., Michahelles, F. and Svensson, S., 2013. IoT applicationsvalue creation for industry.Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, p.153. Gregory, J., 2015. The Internet of Things: revolutionizing the retail industry.Accenture Strategy. Gumzej, N., 2012, September. Protection of data relating to EU consumers in the IoT age. InSoftware, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 2012 20th International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Guo, B., Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Yu, Z. and Zhou, X., 2013. Opportunistic IoT: Exploring the harmonious interaction between human and the internet of things.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,36(6), pp.1531-1539. Kahlert, M., 2016.Understanding customer acceptance of Internet of Things services in retailing: an empirical study about the moderating effect of degree of technological autonomy and shopping motivations(Master's thesis, University of Twente). Kim, J.S., Park, J.K. and Shin, Y.T., 2014. RFID-based automatic inspection system design and implementation for manufacturing and retail industry.The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences,39(1), pp.97-105. Lee, I. and Lee, K., 2015. The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.Business Horizons,58(4), pp.431-440. Li, Y., Hou, M., Liu, H. and Liu, Y., 2012. Towards a theoretical framework of strategic decision, supporting capability and information sharing under the context of Internet of Things.Information Technology and Management,13(4), pp.205-216. Logvinov, O., Kraemer, B., Adams, C., Heiles, J., Stuebing, G., Nielsen, M.L. and Mancuso, B., 2016.Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things (IoT) IEEE P2413. Tech. Rep. September. Longo, S., Kovacs, E., Franke, J. and Martin, M., 2013, September. Enriching shopping experiences with pervasive displays and smart things. InProceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication(pp. 991-998). ACM. Novotny, ., Dvid, L. and Csfor, H., 2015. Applying RFID technology in the retail industry-benefits and concerns from the consumer's perspective.Amfiteatru Economic,17(39), p.615. Nowodzinski, P., ?ukasik, K. and Puto, A., 2016. Internet Of Things (Iot) In A Retail Environment. The New Strategy For Firms Development.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,12(10). Parry, G.C., Brax, S.A., Maull, R.S. and Ng, I.C., 2016. Operationalising IoT for reverse supply: The development of use-visibility measures.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,21(2), pp.228-244. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. and Georgakopoulos, D., 2014. Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things.Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies,25(1), pp.81-93. Porkodi, R. and Bhuvaneswari, V., 2014, March. The internet of things (IOT) applications and communication enabling technology standards: An overview. InIntelligent Computing Applications (ICICA), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 324-329). IEEE. Rashid, Z., Peig, E. and Pous, R., 2015, October. Bringing online shopping experience to offline retail through augmented reality and RFID. InInternet of Things (IOT), 2015 5th International Conference on the(pp. 45-51). IEEE. Shankara, P., Mahanta, P., Arora, E. and Srinivasamurthy, G., 2015, October. Impact of Internet of Things in the Retail Industry. InOTM Confederated International Conferences" On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems"(pp. 61-65). Springer, Cham. Singh, S. and Singh, N., 2015, October. Internet of Things (IoT): Security challenges, business opportunities reference architecture for E-commerce. InGreen Computing and Internet of Things (ICGCIoT), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1577-1581). IEEE. Vermesan, O. and Friess, P. eds., 2014.Internet of things-from research and innovation to market deployment(Vol. 29). Aalborg: River Publishers. Weber, R.H., 2015. The digital futureA challenge for privacy?.Computer Law Security Review,31(2), pp.234-242. Zancul, E.D.S., Takey, S.M., Barquet, A.P.B., Kuwabara, L.H., Cauchick Miguel, P.A. and Rozenfeld, H., 2016. Business process support for IoT based product-service systems (PSS).Business Process Management Journal,22(2), pp.305-323.

Integrated Capstone

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Capstone. Answer: Introduction: Nowadays, work-life challenges create major difficulties for the organization to experience profitable outcome in the business. Most business analysts have identified that the workplace issues can be categorized into several sections. Professional accounting, management, and public relations are the major part of the business that facilitates organizations to enhance the business opportunity in an efficient way (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Accounting practice plays an important role in the business, as it generates key documents of the business such as profit and loss. Consequently, it investigates the difficulties in the business. On the other hand, professional accounting practices facilitate the organization to obtain statement showing different mode of trade in the business for a particular period of the business. With the involvement of the accounting practices, organizations influence the interested parties both internally and externally (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). On the other hand, the management is another integral part of the business, as it contributes the organization to uphold a particular workflow design at the workplace. Through the involvement of the business process management, an organization can enhance its profit making the opportunity. Business analysts evaluate the fact that organizations need to implement unique strategies for managing the business process in a proper way. An enhanced business management is always responsible for forecasting and planning to achieve the goals and objectives of the business. In this context, the researcher has provided the detailed discussion on various business issues regarding professional accounting, management, and public relation. Moreover, the researcher highlights different solutions to get rid of these issues from the business. the importance of such business practices has been discussed in a detailed manner. Discussion: Identification of the Professional Accounting and Management Issues in Workplace: Identification of Professional Accounting in Workplace: Professional accounting is one of the integral parts of the business that facilitate the organization in generating key documents including profit and loss statement. By analyzing the profit and loss statement, the accounting team can evaluate the financial details of the business over a specific period. On the other hand, Caperchione and Mussari (2012) have identified that accounting process includes different business activates including interpretation of financial information and communicating results to the higher management and other decision-making. Moreover, the professional accounting process involves measuring and summarizing the different business activities. Financial accounting produces the balance sheet that provides identification of business assets, debts, and equity at a moment in time (Rankin et al. 2012). Financial accounting also facilitates the managers of the business to manage the process effectively through providing different views of financial information. Co nsequently, it may include the monthly management reports presenting costs, and profits against budgets, sales and other key metrics (Henderson et al. 2015). However, the reporting may be customized for the particular need of the business. Hence, it can be assessed that financial document plays an important role in the business, as the organization may face difficulties in executing business without implementing such process. Moreover, it facilitates in the decision making the process of the business. By discussing the issues of the accounting practice, it can be assessed that the organization faces several challenging situations including system conversions, month-end closings, and annual audits and budgeting (Brando et al. 2013). Although the ERP system conversions can save valuable time in the, in the end, they can draw accountants away from the daily tasks during implementation. Sometimes, the organization needs to upgrade their accounting software for enhancing the business process management. However, the organization may face difficulties in operating the new system (Beattie 2014). Consequently, the organization needs to invest adequate time to operate the software properly. Sometimes, the company needs to employ temporary staffs for providing training on the new system. On the other hand, if the organization handles related technical projects, they should have acquired the experienced consultants for accomplishing the plan in an efficient manner (Parker 2012). Month-end closing indicates typically frantic time for finance and accounting professionals in the business (Stice and Stice 2013). Most business analysts have stated that the flexible staffing solution can reduce the pressure of existing employees. Although the temporary finance professionals can review daily operational transactions and revenue, the organization needs to provide them an adequate salary to retain in the business (Ball 2013). An annual audit is a necessary part of the business. However, the organization faces challenges to execute the process in an efficient manner. The particular system demands a lot of preparation. Moreover, the process is time-consuming. On the other hand, an annual audit can take away the accounting staffs from other important tasks including risk reports and metrics investigation at the workplace. The organization often requires the interim finance professionals to execute these works (Weske 2012). Budgeting is another integral part of the business. It provides advantages to taking accounting staffing solutions. Sometimes, over-familiarity with the information can lead to unintentional oversight (David and David 2016). The temporary finance professionals provide several benefits to the organization. Sometimes, professional accountant fails to execute the budget process in the business. Consequently, it affects the growth of the business. Moreover, the budgeting issue can create difficulties for upholding a business culture at the workplace. Management accountant has some other beneficial aspects such as motivating managers and other employees to obtain appropriate business growth (Jeston and Nelis 2014). It has been seen that well-motivated staffs always contribute enhanced performance in the business. The motivational approach of the business indicates the high business growth. Moreover, the organization obtains several opportunities to enhance its productivity by involving the accounting practice in the business (Myers 2013). With the involvement of the accounting practices, the organization would be able to achieve the goals and objective of the business. Financial statement facilitates the interested investors to invest in a particular business. It can be assessed that the statement of the cash flows can be employed by the organization for incorporating the business in an efficient manner. On the other hand, the business transaction can be identified from the financial statement (Storey 2016). Hence, it can be asses sed that the professional accounting practice is one of the major components for executing the business in an efficient way. Identification of the Management Issues in Workplace: Business process management indicates the vital part of the business, as it regulates the entire system in an effective way. A good management system in the business always includes several beneficial aspects (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). However, the success of the management is largely dependent on the effectiveness of the managers in the business. An appropriate managerial decision is a key component for upholding an enhanced work design at the workplace. With the involvement of the effective management system, the business could be able to exploit different opportunities to experience profitable outcome. Fleischmann et al. (2014) have discussed that the managers play an important role to execute the business in an effective manner. The manager needs to forecast and plan the execution process of the business. Most of the time, the managers are responsible for organizing the resources to achieve the objectives of the business in an effective manner (Fleischmann et al. 2014 ). Business management includes several issues in the organization. In recent years, most organization face challenges in upholding the ethical behavior within the business. The ethical behavioral approach is one of the major components for the enhancing of business in the global platform (Sadgrove 2016). In a competitive market, most organizations try to obtain a huge amount of profit out of the business within a short timeline. Hence, they commit unethical business practice to experience sudden enhancement in the business. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge management is another important issue in the business. With the involvement of the knowledge management process, the employee could be able to enhance their individual performance skill at the workplace (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). However, the higher management of the organization often faces difficulties in implementing knowledge management system within the firm. Performance management is one of the major issues in the business. Without implementing the performance management program, the organization is unable to obtain a profitable outcome in the business (Hutt and Speh 2012). On the other hand, lack of performance management system reduces productivity in the business. Management also establishes the equilibrium in the business. With the involvement of the business equilibrium, the particular organization can survive in the changing environment. In recent years, the most organization faces difficulties in executing the process in the changing environment. Management style can be categorized into different section such as authoritarian, democratic, etc. autocratic or authoritarian management style provides the guideline to the employee for executing the process (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). However, employees are not allowed to provide their individual suggestion to the higher management. Although the autocratic approach has several negative aspects of the business, supporters of the authoritarian style can point out some outstanding success. Most organizations prefer authoritarian style for achieving the goal and objectives of the business. On the other hand, the democratic type of manager includes the listening approach (Bryman and Bell 2015). Conse quently, employees obtain an opportunity for participating in the decision-making process in the business. By analyzing the enhanced management system, it can be assessed that the participative leadership style indicates the important aspects of the business. It allows the employees and staffs to provide feedbacks on the newly implemented system in the business. Human resource management is an integral part of the business management process, and it consists of many challenges. There are several effects of human resource management on the workplace (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). The managers and HR workers execute the human resource management in the business. The human resource management includes several programs including hiring, training, firing, payroll, and performance management and employee benefits administration. Human resource management facilitates in promoting positive behavior at the workplace. Lack of ethical behavior in the human resource system can create challenges in upholding a healthy work environment in the business (Weske 2012). Nowadays, most of the businesses include Positive work environment for enhancing the business in an effective manner. On the other hand, the management facilitates in employee development program at the workplace. Workers knowledge and skills indicate the major components for executing the business properly (David and David 2016). Besides employee development, human resource management also contributes to building flexibility at the workplace. Cultural Diversity is also an important factor that enhances business opportunity in an efficient way. Cultural diversity provides the employee flexibility at the workplace. Moreover, it contributes flexible work design, work assignments, work schedules, work locations, accountability method and communication formats. The business process management includes several programs for motivating employees at the workplace (Jeston and Nelis 2014). Without motivating employees, the organization would not be able to achieve the goals and objectives of t he business. Hence, it can be assessed that the management of the business promotes positive behavior, developing employees, building flexible workplace and motivating workers. Application of Knowledge to Solve Identified Workplace Problems: Workplace issues created challenges in the problem solving and decision-making process. Most of the organization faces difficulties for resolving the workplace issues. The higher management of the organization needs to engage a series of activities to get rid of the issues and challenges at the workplace. By analyzing the study, it can be assessed that the identification of the issues is one of the major components for to solve workplace issues. The researcher has highlighted some of the key issues of accounting practice in the organization including system conversions, month-end closing, annual audits issues, and budgeting (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). Technological advancement has facilitated organizations to experience profitable outcome in the business. Most of the organizations focus on the system conversions to save the time in the business. On the other hand, the implementation process of ERP system may be difficult as employees need to invest extra time for investigating the new system in an appropriate manner (Sadgrove 2016). Hence, the organization may not be able to employ their existing employee in a particular task. It creates major difficulties for the organization to execute the work process in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, most of the times the professional accounting practice face challenges in the month-ending closings. It is a typically frantic time for accounting, as the professional accountings need to conduct calculation of entire month in an efficient manner. It indicates huge pressures for the employees at the workplace (Bryman and Bell 2015). Hence, it can be assessed that the particular issue can be resolved through implementing recruiting process of temporary finance professionals. With the involvement of the temporary finance professionals, the organization would be able to handle all pressure during month end closing (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). An annual audit is also an integral part of the business. Employees need to provide adequate time for the conducting annual audits. Most of the financial analysts have discussed the fact that flexible staffing solutions can resolve the particular issue from the business. Moreover, the organization could utilize the interim finance professionals, who may provide more benefits than the expectation. The organization could resolve the performance management issues in many ways. With the engagement of the enhanced training and development process, organizations could facilitate employees in enhancing their performance in the business (Storey 2016). The impact of the management is vast and influences the staffs and employees to provide their best performance. Effective management system facilitates in achieving the group goals in the workplace. It arranges the resources of the business to achieve the future objective. On the other hand, the management could include the optimum utilization of the resources (Jeston and Nelis 2014). Management system employs all its resources including physical and human resources to enhance the business opportunity. Some business analysts have discussed that cost reduction is one of the major outcomes of the management. With the involvement of proper planning with physical, human and financial resources, organizations can reduce the cost of the busin ess (Myers 2013). The organization can include the performance management process at the workplace in a systematic process. Performance management process may include different training and development process for employees in the organization (Sadgrove 2016). Training session facilitates organization to develop their employees professional skills in an effective manner. On the other hand, it facilitates the organization to enhance the productivity, which is responsible for enhancing the profit margin of the business. Implementation of Strategies to Resolve Addressed Issues: Strategy implementation is one of the major factors for enhancing the business opportunity in the global platform. In this context, the researcher implements several strategies to resolve the identified issues from the organization. The researcher has identified issues in both professional accounting practice and management in the business (Myers 2013). Hence, the researcher includes strategy implementation for both management and professional accounting in the business. Professional accounting practice is one of the important business processes. The researcher has identified several issues in the accounting department in the organization. These issues include system conversions, month-end closing, annual audits, and budgeting (Stice and Stice 2013). On the other hand, the traditional form of accounting practice includes different issues including accounting measurement problems, changing accounting practices, and changing business environment. In this context, the particular organization needs to implement enhanced training session for employees to reduce system conversions errors. Moreover, the organization needs to implement Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system in an appropriate manner so that employees can enhance their knowledge on a particular program (Beattie 2014). On the other hand, the organization needs to focus on recruiting temporary finance professionals for resolving issues regarding month-ending closings. Moreover, the organizati on could recruit interim finance professionals, which may offer several benefits in the business (Weske 2012). On the other hand, interim finance professionals could provide helpful suggestions on the companys financial proceedings. With the involvement of the financial professionals, an organization can conduct the annual audits in an effective manner. Management is another integral part of the business. In this context, the researcher has analyzed different management issues including ethical behavior, performance management, knowledge management and human resource management (David and David 2016). The particular organization can reduce the ethical behavioral issues by implementing enhanced organizational culture in the business. On the other hand, the higher management could integrate ethics into all aspects of company communications. Moreover, the management could engage board of directors in the ethics process for identifying the key developing areas in the business (Caperchione and Mussari 2012). Performance management can be enhanced through providing a continuous opportunity to employees for their development and advancement. Moreover, the organization needs to involve the performance appraisal for potential employees to motivate them. Performance management is not only related to the employees performance but also indicate the organizational performance (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer 2014). Business analysts have discussed that the organization needs to communicate its goals and expectation to employees for achieving it in an effective method. On the other hand, the higher management of the organization needs to encourage an open communication system at the workplace for gathering feedbacks and suggestion from employees (Stice and Stice 2013). Organization needs to promote effectiveness, reputation, values and ethics in the business in order to uphold a proper workflow design. Knowledge management is another important part of the business. With the engagement of the knowledge management process, the organization could obtain enhanced growth in the production (Jeston and Nelis 2014). The particular organization needs to measure and reward staff based on the quality of their knowledge management contributions. On the other hand, the management team should have tracked the knowledge and value metrics for prioritizing areas for future knowledge creation and improvement. Hence, it can be assessed that the organization needs to build knowledge management process for the enhancement of employees performance in an efficient manner. The researcher has also identified the human resource management related issues in the organization. The organization needs to develop several HR management key skills including negotiation, communication, multitasking, and problem solving ability (Weiss 2014). In recent years, the organization has been facing several challenges in retaining their employees in the business. Hence, the human resource management team should have provided employee development program for enhancing the business productivity in an efficient manner (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the workplace challenges has been a major issue in the world of trade. Professional accounting practice and management are an integral part of the business. The researcher has discussed the current issues of the professional accounting practice at the workplace. On the other hand, the researcher has also focused on highlighting the management issues in the organization. Some of the integral part of the management including performance management, knowledge management, and human resource management has been discussed in an efficient manner. With the involvement of the different strategy implementation program, the particular organization could enhance the business opportunity in the global market. Hence, the researcher has successfully provided the solution for resolving the discussed issues in both accounting and management practice in the business. References: Ball, R., 2013. Accounting informs investors and earnings management is rife: Two questionable beliefs.Accounting Horizons,27(4), pp.847-853. Beattie, V., 2014. Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), pp.111-134. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Brando, M., Levasseur, A., Kirschbaum, M.U., Weidema, B.P., Cowie, A.L., Jrgensen, S.V., Hauschild, M.Z., Pennington, D.W. and Chomkhamsri, K., 2013. Key issues and options in accounting for carbon sequestration and temporary storage in life cycle assessment and carbon footprinting.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,18(1), pp.230-240. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Caperchione, E. and Mussari, R. eds., 2012.Comparative issues in local government accounting. Springer Science Business Media. David, F. and David, F.R., 2016. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S. and Brger, E., 2014.Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hutt, M.D. and Speh, T.W., 2012.Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J., 2014.Business process management. Routledge. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Myers, M.D., 2013.Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), pp.54-70. Rankin, M., Stanton, P.A., McGowan, S.C., Ferlauto, K. and Tilling, M., 2012.Contemporary issues in accounting. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Limited. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Smith, M., 2014.Research methods in accounting. Sage. Stice, E.K. and Stice, J.D., 2013.Intermediate accounting. Cengage Learning. Storey, J. ed., 2016.Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Weske, M., 2012. Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Mr. Essays (1321 words) - Urban Studies And Planning,

Urban Sprawl: Pro and Con The term "urban sprawl" has a bad ring to it. The name reinforces the view that metropolitan growth is ugly, inefficient, and the cause of traffic congestion and environmental harm. Before we decide we are against urban sprawl, however, we should be clear about what it is and why we do not like it. Once we look at its specific characteristics, we can recognize their causes and what, if anything, to do about them. My study of metropolitan growth indicates that three kinds of development are typical of what we call "urban sprawl." They include: leapfrog development, strip or ribbon development, and low-density, single-dimensional development. Let us look at each type in turn. Leapfrog development occurs when developers build new residences some distance from an existing urban area, bypassing vacant parcels located closer to the city. In other words, developers choose to build on less expensive land farther away from an urban area rather than on more costly land closer to the city. Because land prices are lower, housing in these developments is more affordable. Some people decide to accept longer commutes in exchange for more comfortable, lower-priced housing. What few people realize is that leapfrog development nurtures compact commercial development-retail stores, offices, and businesses. The empty parcels that have been "leapfrogged" create an ideal location for commercial activity. It is a fact of economic life that developers are reluctant to place new commercial buildings on the outskirts of an urban area because these areas lack a large market to draw shoppers from. When new development bypasses vacant land, however, the land in between is suddenly accessible to more people and thus attractive to commercial developers. Thus, leapfrogging is a vital part of development in growing areas. Leapfrog development does create some extra costs. Infrastructure must be extended farther and the longer distance creates more traffic and longer commutes into the city. For a leapfrog development to be cost-effective, the outlying development must pay the full costs of the infrastructure it requires. It is the responsibility of local governments to see that the costs of water, sewer, roads, and so forth are charged to the development.(1) As long as the new residents pay their share of the costs, leapfrog development benefits those who choose to live there and encourages commercial development at the edge of the urban area. Strip or ribbon development, the second category, takes place when extensive commercial development occurs in a linear pattern along both sides of major arterial roadways. Like other aspects of urban sprawl, it is viewed as ugly and as a cause of traffic congestion, since shoppers and workers are often entering into and exiting from the street. Yet strip development has its benefits. It brings together businesses that depend on high auto traffic. In fact, strips reduce overall traffic, since fewer cars must travel long distances from store to store or office to office. Strip development also creates natural locations for residential development. Between the commercial arteries, residential streets can have relatively little traffic yet be conveniently located near commerce. In many situations, strip or ribbon development does cause problems, but the reason is poor planning. Every business fifty feet from another business does not have to have a driveway opening onto a major thoroughfare, creating congestion as people enter and leave. Access lanes can be built to permit the smooth merging of traffic entering and leaving. Nor does strip development have to be unsightly. If the rightof- way is wide enough, landscaped buffers can separate the road from the businesses. To achieve this separation, though, governments must plan ahead to secure sufficient rights-of-way for major streets before they are built. The third characteristic of "urban sprawl" is low-density, single-dimensional development. This is typified by large residential subdivisions. Houses are situated on relatively large lots, with only other houses nearby. Residents must drive nearly everywhere they go. Critics say that low-density developments take up too much space, especially space that ought to be preserved in a pristine state. They say that they lengthen commuting distances, and, in general, that they harm the environment. Low-density developments do take up space and may increase driving time. However, they have an important argument in their favor: People like them. Low density means more room and

Safety outfits - Police Essays - Law Enforcement, Safety

Safety outfits - Police Essays - Law Enforcement, Safety Safety outfits - Police The police force offer a variety of personal protective equipment, which is specially designed to the purpose of protecting the officers from gaining serious injuries or illnesses that can result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical or mechanical hazards and many more that occur in there day to day jobs. There are many different outfits and devices that ensure their safety such as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, gas masks, shields and many others. Police shields are used to prevent the officer from being harmed and often act as a barrier between the officer and the person on the other side. These shields provide protection against major or serious threats for law enforcement during tactical entry and public order situations. Police are provided with many different forms of shields such as riot shilds and ballistic shields for stronger protection. Police offers can have specially trained police dogs that are used to keep them safe and to attack people threatening to harm the officers, tracking prisoners, or guarding buildings, these dogs are specially trained with an officer who they learn to obey and protect, and normally only follow the strict commands given to then by this officer forming a bond as they often work together daily and so the officer can rely on his K-9 to protect and have his back. During chases or raids police wear protective vests and body armour that is bullet proof which helps protect them and allows them to complete the task at hand as well as preventing them from being killed in dangerous situations even though they is still occurring daily. They normally carry a pair of hand cuffs around with them daily which are put around the prisoners wrists which stop them from using their hands or wrists to fight back. A baton is a stick used as a weapon by an officer to use during violent situations along with pepper spray which causes severe pain when it comes in contact with your eyes. Tasers are weapons that produce a strong electric current that police shoot at people to stop them from being violent or running away

Biography on elizabeth barrett browning Research Paper

Biography on elizabeth barrett browning - Research Paper Example In The Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1897), there is a chronological account of how her love for the Mr. Browning’s poems grew into their friendship, secret courtship and eventually marriage and elopement. These letters provide a kind of an impossible love for a determined couple complicated by illness and an unforgiving father. As such, she was disinherited for choosing to marry Mr. Browning without his father’s consent. Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) is a collection of love poems which was inspired by the pure and true love of her husband. Although she had suffered a lot in life, her illness, the death of her mother and her closest brother, she expresses love in a very sentimental way especially in the poem How Do I Love Thee?. This poem has attracted a lot of relevance in poetic romance. She expresses spirituality in her testimonies about how much she loves her husband. This poem has surpassed her even after death as it is prevalently celebrated in modern weddings. Elizabeth’s father owned an enormous estate which was founded on slavery as workers were underpaid and worked under very poor conditions. However, Elizabeth was overtly opposed to human slavery and social injustices and spoke about the struggle of slaves in her poem, A Curse for a Nation from the collection Poems Before Congress

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney Literature review

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney - Literature review Example Horney’s early childhood was marked by divergent behavioral tendencies. For instance, she had an unusual fancy for her elder brother. This was most probably a psychological response to arising from wrong perceptions of her father as a ‘dictator’. Her intellectual capabilities were just developing into more varied and complex perceptions at this time. Her early childhood was also marked by rebellion against her father’s autocratic pontifications. She openly rebelled against his despotic commands and sought to self-assert on everything that she felt was important. In addition to this marked tendency to oppose her father because she felt that he didn’t love her enough, deep down this small girl there was evolving perceptive disbelief in the existing dispensation of affairs. She alleged that her father loved her brother much more than he did her. She was not only ambitious but also constantly focused on intellectual pursuits. At the age of nine, she felt that her image suffered from some inadequacies. She was even depressed by the feeling that she wasn’t beautiful, though by any standards she was pretty enough. With the subsequent rejection by her brother of her unusual behavior towards him, there developed a period of collapse into dejection and depression. On and off a relapse into bouts of depression could be noticed during this period. She was more of a narcissist or an introvert that showed an unusual interest in the self-image (Quinn, 1989). Subsequent to her parents’ divorce in 1904, her mother moved into a separate place with the kids. Karen was one of the first few girls to be admitted to a German University for medicine. Finally, she graduated from the University of Berlin in 1913. It was during this period that she met her future husband, Oskar Horney. She married him in 1909 and in 1910 she had her first baby girl, Brigitte. Two other girls followed and Karen was a happy mother.