Mr. Essays (1321 words) - Urban Studies And Planning,

Urban Sprawl: Pro and Con The term "urban sprawl" has a bad ring to it. The name reinforces the view that metropolitan growth is ugly, inefficient, and the cause of traffic congestion and environmental harm. Before we decide we are against urban sprawl, however, we should be clear about what it is and why we do not like it. Once we look at its specific characteristics, we can recognize their causes and what, if anything, to do about them. My study of metropolitan growth indicates that three kinds of development are typical of what we call "urban sprawl." They include: leapfrog development, strip or ribbon development, and low-density, single-dimensional development. Let us look at each type in turn. Leapfrog development occurs when developers build new residences some distance from an existing urban area, bypassing vacant parcels located closer to the city. In other words, developers choose to build on less expensive land farther away from an urban area rather than on more costly land closer to the city. Because land prices are lower, housing in these developments is more affordable. Some people decide to accept longer commutes in exchange for more comfortable, lower-priced housing. What few people realize is that leapfrog development nurtures compact commercial development-retail stores, offices, and businesses. The empty parcels that have been "leapfrogged" create an ideal location for commercial activity. It is a fact of economic life that developers are reluctant to place new commercial buildings on the outskirts of an urban area because these areas lack a large market to draw shoppers from. When new development bypasses vacant land, however, the land in between is suddenly accessible to more people and thus attractive to commercial developers. Thus, leapfrogging is a vital part of development in growing areas. Leapfrog development does create some extra costs. Infrastructure must be extended farther and the longer distance creates more traffic and longer commutes into the city. For a leapfrog development to be cost-effective, the outlying development must pay the full costs of the infrastructure it requires. It is the responsibility of local governments to see that the costs of water, sewer, roads, and so forth are charged to the development.(1) As long as the new residents pay their share of the costs, leapfrog development benefits those who choose to live there and encourages commercial development at the edge of the urban area. Strip or ribbon development, the second category, takes place when extensive commercial development occurs in a linear pattern along both sides of major arterial roadways. Like other aspects of urban sprawl, it is viewed as ugly and as a cause of traffic congestion, since shoppers and workers are often entering into and exiting from the street. Yet strip development has its benefits. It brings together businesses that depend on high auto traffic. In fact, strips reduce overall traffic, since fewer cars must travel long distances from store to store or office to office. Strip development also creates natural locations for residential development. Between the commercial arteries, residential streets can have relatively little traffic yet be conveniently located near commerce. In many situations, strip or ribbon development does cause problems, but the reason is poor planning. Every business fifty feet from another business does not have to have a driveway opening onto a major thoroughfare, creating congestion as people enter and leave. Access lanes can be built to permit the smooth merging of traffic entering and leaving. Nor does strip development have to be unsightly. If the rightof- way is wide enough, landscaped buffers can separate the road from the businesses. To achieve this separation, though, governments must plan ahead to secure sufficient rights-of-way for major streets before they are built. The third characteristic of "urban sprawl" is low-density, single-dimensional development. This is typified by large residential subdivisions. Houses are situated on relatively large lots, with only other houses nearby. Residents must drive nearly everywhere they go. Critics say that low-density developments take up too much space, especially space that ought to be preserved in a pristine state. They say that they lengthen commuting distances, and, in general, that they harm the environment. Low-density developments do take up space and may increase driving time. However, they have an important argument in their favor: People like them. Low density means more room and

Safety outfits - Police Essays - Law Enforcement, Safety

Safety outfits - Police Essays - Law Enforcement, Safety Safety outfits - Police The police force offer a variety of personal protective equipment, which is specially designed to the purpose of protecting the officers from gaining serious injuries or illnesses that can result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical or mechanical hazards and many more that occur in there day to day jobs. There are many different outfits and devices that ensure their safety such as goggles, coveralls, gloves, vests, gas masks, shields and many others. Police shields are used to prevent the officer from being harmed and often act as a barrier between the officer and the person on the other side. These shields provide protection against major or serious threats for law enforcement during tactical entry and public order situations. Police are provided with many different forms of shields such as riot shilds and ballistic shields for stronger protection. Police offers can have specially trained police dogs that are used to keep them safe and to attack people threatening to harm the officers, tracking prisoners, or guarding buildings, these dogs are specially trained with an officer who they learn to obey and protect, and normally only follow the strict commands given to then by this officer forming a bond as they often work together daily and so the officer can rely on his K-9 to protect and have his back. During chases or raids police wear protective vests and body armour that is bullet proof which helps protect them and allows them to complete the task at hand as well as preventing them from being killed in dangerous situations even though they is still occurring daily. They normally carry a pair of hand cuffs around with them daily which are put around the prisoners wrists which stop them from using their hands or wrists to fight back. A baton is a stick used as a weapon by an officer to use during violent situations along with pepper spray which causes severe pain when it comes in contact with your eyes. Tasers are weapons that produce a strong electric current that police shoot at people to stop them from being violent or running away